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Pneumatosis is the abnormal presence of air or other gas within tissues.
In the lungs, emphysema involves enlargement of the distal airspaces, page 64 in: and is a major feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Other pneumatoses in the lungs are focal (localized) blebs and bullae, pulmonary cysts and cavities.
Pneumoperitoneum (or peritoneal emphysema) is air or gas in the abdominal cavity, and is most commonly caused by gastrointestinal perforation, often the iatrogenesis.
Pneumarthrosis, the presence of air in a joint, is rarely a serious sign.
A lung cavity has a wall thickness of more than 4 mm.
Pneumarthrosis is a common normal finding in shoulders as well as in sternoclavicular joints. It is believed to be a cause of the sounds of joint cracking. It is also a common normal post-operative finding at least after spinal surgery. Pneumarthrosis is extremely rare in conjunction with fluid or pus in a joint, and its presence can therefore practically exclude infection. Page 60 in:
Pneumoparotitis is the presence of air in the parotid gland caused by raised air pressure in the mouth often as a result of playing . In rare cases air may escape from the gland and give rise to subcutaneous emphysema in the face, neck, or mediastinum.
Other thoracic
Abdominal
Joints
Pneumarthrosis is the presence of air in a joint. Its presentation on radiography is a radiodensity cleft often called a vacuum phenomenon, or vacuum sign. Pneumarthrosis is associated with osteoarthritis and spondylosis.
Other
Subcutaneous emphysema is found in the deepest layer of the skin. Emphysematous cystitis is a condition of gas in the urinary bladder. On occasion this may give rise to secondary subcutaneous emphysema which has a poor prognosis.
Terminology
The term pneumatosis has word roots of + , meaning "air problem/injury".
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