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Goose bumps, goosebumps or goose pimples are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is Tickling, cold or experiencing strong emotions such as fear, euphoria or sexual arousal.
The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered by some to be a vestigial reflex, though visible piloerection is associated with changes in skin temperature in humans. The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as piloerection or the pilomotor reflex, or, more traditionally, horripilation. It occurs in many ; a prominent example is , which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators.
Arrector pili muscle
Arrector pili muscles (APM) are smooth muscles which connect the basement membrane to the hair follicle. When these muscles contract, they increase the trapping of air on the surface of the skin and in turn, causes thermoregulation to the body. It used to be believed that each APM was connected to an individual hair follicle. More recent studies have disproved this and now explain that there can be multiple hair follicles connected to a single APM. In between the hair follicle and the APM there are lobules which form an angular shape. These lobules are Sebaceous gland which are supported by the APM.Torkamani, N., Rufaut, N., Jones, L., & Sinclair, R. (2014). Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? International Journal of Trichology, 6(3), 88–94. 2) Arrector pili muscle 3) Hair follicle 4) Dermis
The diagram shows that the arrector pili muscle is connected to the hair follicle and the epidermis resulting in the erection of the hair during muscle contraction causing goose bumps.]]
Hair follicle
Hair follicles have four parts. There is the bulb, supra bulbar area, isthmus and infundibulum. The bulb is to be known as the part that is responsible for the growth of the rest of the hair follicle.Torkamani, N., Rufaut, N., Jones, L., & Sinclair, R. (2014). Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? International Journal of Trichology, 6(3), 88–94.
Goose bumps are accompanied by a specific physiological response pattern that is thought to indicate the emotional state of being moved.
In humans, goose bumps occur everywhere on the body, including the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair. In some people, they even occur in the face or on the head. In humans, goose bumps tends to occur across the whole body, especially when elicited by thermal or emotional stimuli, and only locally when elicited via tactile stimuli.
Piloerection is also a classic symptom of some diseases, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, some , and autonomic hyperreflexia. Goose bumps can also be caused by withdrawal from such as heroin. A skin condition that mimics goose bumps in appearance is keratosis pilaris.
It is not clear why the particular fowl, goose, was chosen in English (and German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Polish and Czech) as most other birds share this same anatomical feature. Other languages may use a different species. For example, the hen or chicken is used in Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Cantonese, Finnish, Dutch, Luxembourgish, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Galician; Irish uses both; Hebrew, the duck; the ants (referred to as " murashki", alluding to the feeling of ants crawling on one's skin) in Ukrainian and Russian; and a variety of synonyms in Mandarin.Dialectal map for goose-bumps in Mandarin
Some authors have applied "goose bumps" to the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases. "Bitten by a Winchester goose" was a common euphemism for having contracted syphilis in the 16th century. dates the aforementioned manuscript to the 16th century "Winchester Geese" was the nickname for the prostitutes of Southern London, licensed by the Bishop of Winchester in the area around his London palace.
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