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The oral tradition of the Vedas () consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic . Such traditions of Vedic chant are often considered the oldest unbroken oral tradition in existence, the fixation of the Vedic texts () as preserved dating to roughly the time of Homer (early Iron Age or 800 BC).Scharfe, Ch. 13: "Memorising the Veda", p. 240 ff.
UNESCO proclaimed the tradition of Vedic chant a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on November 7, 2008.
The students are first taught to memorize the Vedas using simpler methods like continuous recitation (samhitapatha), word by word recitation (pada patha) in which compounds (sandhi) are dissolved and krama patha (words are arranged in the pattern of ab bc cd ...); before teaching them the eight complex recitation styles.Scharfe, p. 248.
A pathin is a scholar who has mastered the pathas. Thus, a ghanapaathin has learnt the chanting of the scripture up to the advanced stage of ghana. The Ghanapatha or the "Bell" mode of chanting is so called because the words are repeated back and forth in a bell shape. The sonority natural to Vedic chanting is enhanced in Ghana. In Jatapatha, the words are braided together, so to speak, and recited back and forth.Ramaswami, p. 68.
The samhita, pada and krama pathas can be described as the natural recitation styles or prakrutipathas. The remaining eight modes of chanting are classified as complex recitation styles or Vikrutipathas as they involve reversing of the word order. The backward chanting of words does not alter the meanings in the Vedic (Sanskrit) language.
These extraordinary retention techniques guaranteed the most perfect canon not just in terms of unaltered word order but also in terms of sound.Wilke, Annette and Moebus, Oliver. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism (Religion and Society). De Gruyter (February 1, 2007). P. 495. . That these methods have been effective, is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the Rigveda ( BCE).
Example of a text with nine words in different pāṭhas is set out below:
| jaṭā जटा జట ಜಟ ജഠാ | 1 2 2 1 1 2 ~
2 3 3 2 2 3 ~ 3 4 4 3 3 4 ~ 4 5 5 4 4 5 ~ 5 6 6 5 5 6 ~ 6 7 7 6 6 7 ~ 7 8 8 7 7 8 ~ 8 9 9 8 8 9 ~ 9 _ _ 9 9 _ ~ | I+1 I+2 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 |
| 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~
2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ | I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 | |
| śikhā शिखा శిఖ ಶಿಖಾ ശിഖാ | 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 3 ~
2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 4 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 5 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 6 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 7 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 8 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 9 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ _ ~ | I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 I+3 |
| rekhā रेखा రేఖ ರೇಖಾ രേഖാ | 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~
2 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 6 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 ~ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ | I...I+I ~ I+I...I ~ I I+1 |
| 1 2 ~ 8 9 ~
2 3 ~ 7 8 ~ 3 4 ~ 6 7 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 5 6 ~ 4 5 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 2 3 ~ 8 9 ~ 1 2 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 1 ~ | I I+1 ~ N-I-1 N-I | |
| 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~
2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ | I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+3 ~ I+3 I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+3 ~ I+3 I+4 ~ I+4 I+3 I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 | |
| ratha रथ రధ ರಥ രഥ | 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 1 ~ 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~
2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 2 1 ~ 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 3 2 1 ~ 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ | I I+1 / I+4 I+5 / I+1 ...1 / I+5...(-I items ) : One Index
FOR J 1...I
J J+1 / J+4 J+5 : One Index
LOOP |
| 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 ~
2 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 ~ 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 3 3 4 5 ~ 4 5 5 4 4 5 6 6 5 4 4 5 6 ~ 5 6 6 5 5 6 7 7 6 5 5 6 7 ~ 6 7 7 6 6 7 8 8 7 6 6 7 8 ~ 7 8 8 7 7 8 9 9 8 7 7 8 9 ~ 8 9 9 8 8 9 _ _ 9 8 8 9 _ ~ 9 _ _ 9 9 _ _ _ _ 9 9 _ _ ~ | I+1 I+2 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 I+3 I+3 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 I+3 |
Portions of the Vedanta literature elucidate the use of sound as a spirituality tool. They assert that the entire cosmic creation began with sound: "By His utterance came the universe." (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.2.4). The Vedanta-sutras add that ultimate liberty comes from sound as well (anavrittih shabdat).
Katyayana likens speech to the supreme Brahman. He uses the Rigvedic verse – "Four are its horns, three its feet, two its heads, and seven its hands, roars loudly the threefold-bound bull, the great god enters mortals" (Rig-Veda, iv. 58, 3), to assert this claim. Katyayana explains that in the verse, the "four horns" are the four kinds of words i.e. nouns, verbs, prepositions, and particles; its "three feet" mean the three tenses, past, present and future; the "two heads" imply the eternal and temporary words, distinguished as the "manifested" and the "manifester"; its "seven hands" are the seven case affixes; "threefold bound" is enclosed in the three organs the chest, the throat, and the head; the metaphor "bull" (vrishabha) is used to imply that it gives fruit when used with knowledge; "loudly roars" signifies uttering sound, speech or language; and in "the great god enters mortals" entails that the "great god" speech, enters the mortals.Cowell and Gough, p. 209. Thus, primal sound is often referred to as Shabda Brahman or "word as The Absolute". Maitri Upanishad states:
Mantras, or sacred sounds, are used to pierce through sensual, mind and intellectual levels of existence (all lower strata of consciousness) for the purpose of purification and spiritual enlightenment. "By sound vibration one becomes liberated" (Vedanta-sutra 4.22).
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