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Rebbachisauridae is a family of sauropod known from fragmentary fossil remains from the Cretaceous of South America, Africa, North America, Europe and possibly Central Asia.
Khebbashia is a clade within Rebbachisauridae.Paul Mannion, P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz and O. Wings. (2019). Taxonomic affinities of the putative from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185(3):784-909 Members of Khebbashia were medium-sized sauropods from the early Cretaceous period of South America, Africa and Europe.
The name "Khebbashia" is derived from "Khebbash" or "Khebbache", a Moroccan tribe that inhabited the region where the first rebbachisaurid specimen was found in North Africa. Khebbashia is defined as the least inclusive clade including Limaysaurus tessonei, Nigersaurus taqueti, and Rebbachisaurus garasbae. It therefore includes the rebbachisaurid subfamilies Rebbachisaurinae and Limaysaurinae, to the exclusion of more basal forms.
Rebbachisaurinae is a subfamily which is within both Rebbachisauridae and Khebbashia, defined to include Rebbachisaurus garasbae and exclude Limaysaurus tessonei, which belongs to its own subfamily, Limaysaurinae. It was first proposed as a rank by Jose Bonaparte in 1995, to include Rebbachisaurus. Some phylogenies however, include Rebbachisaurus in a clade with Limaysaurus, and thus the subfamily was not used. In 2015, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, and it found Rebbachisaurus instead to be closer to Nigersaurus and related genera than Limaysaurus, and thus was used to replace Nigersaurinae as Rebbachisaurinae is the older term and is named after the genus used for the formation of the family Rebbachisauridae. The 2015 cladogram of Fanti et al. is shown below.
Rebbachisaurids are distinguished from other sauropods by their distinctive teeth, which have low angle, internal and asymmetrical Tooth enamel.
Unique among sauropods, at least some rebbachisaurids (such as Nigersaurus) are characterised by the presence of tooth batteries, similar to those of Hadrosauridae and dinosaurs. Such a feeding adaptation has thus developed independently three times among the dinosaurs.
So far, rebbachisaurids are known only from the middle and early part of the Late Cretaceous. They constitute the last known representatives of the diplodocoids, and lived alongside the Titanosauria until fairly late in the Cretaceous.
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