The Nanakshahi calendar (), or Sikh calendar
Historical Sikh chroniclers tended to use the lunar-Bikrami calendar to record dates, thus important dates recorded in Sikh history, such as the births, guruship term, and death of the Sikh gurus, were originally recorded as a lunar-Bikrami date. However, the solar-Bikrami calendar was also used by historical Sikhs, such as for marking the celebrations of Vaisakhi, Lohri, and Maghi, and also to commemorate the anniversaries of the Battle of Chamkaur and Battle of Muktsar. The martyrdom dates of the sons of Guru Gobind Singh are also traced using the solar-Bikrami calendar. Furthermore, Sikhs traditionally celebrated the first day of every month as per the solar-Bikrami calendar as sangrand (Sanskrit: sankranti). The Islamic Hijri calendar was also historically used in-relation to Sikhs, especially by Muslim writers when recording events related to Sikhs but also by non-Muslim writers occasionally. The Sikhs historically used the Fasli calendar in documents such as revenue grants. The Haijri calendar is a completely lunar system, thus is based entirely on the phases of the Moon. There are two calendars which are exclusively Sikh in-origin: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa calendars. However, according to Louis E. Fenech, the usage of the Nanakshahi calendar was not common until the later 20th century.
Sikhs have traditionally recognised two eras and luni-solar calendars: the Nanakshahi and Khalsa. Traditionally, both these calendars closely followed the Bikrami calendar with the Nanakshahi year beginning on Katak Pooranmashi (full moon) and the Khalsa year commencing with Vaisakhi.Singh, Harbans (1998) The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S–Z. Publications Bureau The methods for calculating the beginning of the Khalsa era were based on the Bikrami calendar. The year length was also the same as the Bikrami solar year. According to Steel (2000), (since the calendar was based on the Bikrami), the calendar has twelve lunar months that are determined by the lunar phase, but thirteen months in leap years which occur every 2–3 years in the Bikrami calendar to sync the lunar calendar with its solar counterpart.
Kay (2011) abbreviates the Khalsa Era as KE.References to the Nanakshahi Era have been made in historic documents. Banda Singh Bahadur adopted the Nanakshahi calendar in 1710 CE after his victory in Sirhind-Fategarh (12 May 1710 CE) according to which the year 1710 CE became Nanakshahi 241. However, Singh (2008) states the date of the victory as 14 May 1710 CE.Singh, Patwant (2008) Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Peter Owen [4] According to Dilgeer (1997), Banda "continued adopting the months and the days of the months according to the Bikrami calendar".Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [5] Banda Singh Bahadur also minted new coins also called Nanakshahi sikka.Dhillon, Harish (2013) First Raj of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur. Hay House [6] Herrli (1993) states that "Banda is supposed to have dated his coins according to his new calendar. Although Banda may have proclaimed this era, it cannot be traced in contemporary documents and does not seem to have been actually used for dating". According to The Panjab Past and Present (1993), it is Gian Singh who "is the first to use Nanak Shahi Samvats along with those of Bikrami Samvats" in the Twarikh Guru Khalsa. The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 27, Issue 1. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University [7] According to Singha (1996), Gian Singh was a Punjabi author born in 1822.Siṅgha, Sukhadiāla (1996) Historical analysis of Giani Gian Singh's writings. UICS [8] Gian Singh wrote the Twarikh Guru Khalsa in 1891. The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 32 (2001) Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University [9]
The revised Nanakshahi calendar was designed by Pal Singh Purewal to replace the Bikrami calendar.Chilana, Rajwant Singh (2006) International Bibliography of Sikh Studies. Springer Science & Business Media [10] The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak Dev in 1469 and the Nanakshahi year commences on 1 Chet. New Year falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar. The start of each month is fixed. According to Kapel (2006), the solar accuracy of the Nanakshahi calendar is linked to the Gregorian civil calendar.Kepel, Martin (2006) The Structure and Mathematics of the Principal Calendars of the Western World: Muslim, Gregorian, Jewish, and Other Systems. Edwin Mellen Press [11] This is because the Nanaskhahi calendar uses the tropical year
instead of using the sidereal year which is used in the Bikrami calendar or the old Nanakshahi and Khalsa calendars.The amended Nanakshahi calendar was adopted in 1998 and released in 1999 by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee ("SGPC") to determine the dates for important Sikh events.Louis E. Fenech, W. H. McLeod (2014) Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield [12] Due to controversy surrounding the amended calendar, it was shortly retracted. The calendar was re-released in 2003 by the SGPC with three dates: Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Birth, Holla Mohalla, and Bandi Chhor Divas kept movable as per the old Bikrami system as a compromise.Knut A. Jacobsen (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [13] Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016) Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press [14] The calendar was implemented during the SGPC presidency of Sikh scholar Prof. Kirpal Singh Badungar at Takhat Sri Damdama Sahib in the presence of Sikh leadership. The Mool Nanakshahi Calendar recognizes the adoption event, of 1999 CE, in the Sikh history when SGPC released the first calendar with permanently fixed dates in the Tropical Calendar. Therefore, the calculations of this calendar do not regress back from 1999 CE into the Bikrami era, and accurately fixes for all time in the future.Community Contributor Suresh Bodiwala
SeasonKohli, Surindar Singh (1992) A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib.Manohar Publishers & Distributors [https://books.google.com/books?id=EcrXAAAAMAAJ&q=+Himkar] |
Basant (Spring) |
Basant (Spring) |
Garikham (Summer) |
Garisham (Summer) |
Rut Baras (Rainy season) |
Rut Baras (Rainy season) |
Sard (Autumn) |
Sard (Autumn) |
Sisiar (Winter) |
Sisiar (Winter) |
Himkar (late Winter/early Spring) |
Himkar (late Winter/early Spring) |
14 Mar |
19 Mar |
14 Apr |
16 Apr |
18 Apr |
2 May |
23 May |
11 Jun |
16 Jun |
16 Jun |
5 Jul |
21 Jul |
23 Jul |
30 Aug |
1 Sep |
16 Sep |
18 Sep |
22 Sep |
9 Oct |
20 Oct |
21 Oct |
24 Nov |
24 Nov |
21 Dec |
26 Dec |
5 Jan |
31 Jan |
Movable dates for Sikh Festivals in the 2003 and 2010 versions. (These change every year in line with the lunar phase.)
8 Nov |
26 Nov |
15 Nov |
5 Nov |
24 Nov |
13 Nov |
2 Nov |
21 Nov |
10 Nov |
28 Nov |
17 Nov |
6 Nov |
25 Nov |
14 Nov |
4 Nov |
23 Nov |
12 Nov |
30 Nov |
According to Ahaluwalia (2003), the Nanakshahi calendar goes against the use of lunar Bikrami dates by the Gurus themselves and is contradictory. It begins with the year of birth of Guru Nanak Dev, but the first date, 1 Chet, is when Guru Har Rai was installed the seventh Guru.Āhalūwālīā, Jasabīra Siṅgha (2003) Liberating Sikhism from 'the Sikhs': Sikhisim's sic Potential for World Civilization. Unistar books [18] However, the first date of the Nanakshahi calendar (1 Chet) is based upon the Barah Maha of the Guru Granth Sahib, which has Chet as the first month. Pal Singh Purewal, as reported in the Edmonton Journal (March 2018) has stated that his aims in formulating the Nanakshahi calendar were, "first and foremost, it should respect sacred holy scriptures. Second, it should discard the lunar calendar and use only a solar one. Third, all the dates should be fixed and not vary from year to year." In reality however, state Haar and Kalsi (2009), the introduction of the Nanakshahi calendar has resulted in many festivals being "celebrated on two dates depending on the choice of the management of the local gurdwaras."Haar, Kristen and Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2009) Sikhism. Infobase Publishing [19]
In 2017, a conference was held in Chicago where it was decided to fix the three movable dates from the 2003 version and fully follow the original version published in 1999.
In 2018, the Akal Takhat Jathedar at the time, Giani Gurbachan Singh asked that the Sikhs should unite and adopt the new Nanakshahi Calendar and that the "majority of Sikh sects, including Nihangs, Nirmalays, Udhasis and Damdami Taksal, observe and want to observe Sikh religious days according to the (amended) Nanakshahi calendar." SGPC president, Gobind Singh Longowal, on 13 March 2018 urged all Sikhs to follow the current (2014) Nanakshahi calendar. The previous SGPC President before Longowal, Prof. Kirpal Singh Badungar, tried to appeal the Akal Takht to celebrate the birthday of Guru Gobind Singh on 23 Poh (5 January) as per the original Nanakshahi calendar, but the appeal was denied.
The PSGPC and a majority of the other gurdwara managements across the world are opposing the modified version of the calendar citing that the SGPC reverted to the Bikrami calendar. They argue that in the Bikrami calendar, dates of many gurpurbs coincide, thereby creating confusion among the Sikh Panth.
Sikh historian Harjinder Singh Dilgeer has rejected this calendar fully.
A Calendar Reform Committee composed of many scholars and representatives of various academic institutions met at the Institute of Sikh Studies in Chandigarh in 1995. In 1996, a formal proposal was submitted to the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC). The SGPC issued a General House Resolution asking the Sikhs across the world to adopt the Sikh Calendar. In 2003, although some of the dates were largely adopted as fixed dates, some due to cultural and political concerns were dismissed and reverted to Bikrami dates, which were later synchronized in 2017 when the Mool Nanakshahi Calendar was introduced to fix all dates.
Pal Singh Purewal, introduced the term Mool (original) Nanakshahi Calendar in 2017. The new term meant to distinguish from the current Nanakshahi Calendar which was altered in 2003 to include movable Bikrami dates in addition to the new adopted dates by the SGPC in 1999. This pre-altered versional of the calendar was the one proposed by the Calendar Reform Committee in 1995 and accepted by the SGPC in 1999. The original calendar synchronized Mool Nanakshahi (religious) Calendar with Common Era Calendar, permanently and hence termed Mool Nanakshahi Calendar.
There are notable differences between the Nanakshahi Calendar and the Mool Nanakshahi Calendar. Understanding the motivation and decades of research to reflect the accuracy of historical events is essential. The Mool Nanakshahi Calendar continues to gather support across the world as Sikhs yearn to follow fixed dates which are an accurate historical representation of the Sikh History and an attempt at adding integrity to the Sikh identity. This provides the platform for Sikhs to agree on a common calendar. Sardar Pal Singh Purewal, the main architect of the calendar, has written scholarly articles on this issue and explains the difference between the Mool Nanakshahi Calendar and Bikrami Calendars. There is a difference between the Nanakshai Calendar and the Mool Nanakshahi Calendar as such as the Mool Nanakshahi Calendar fixes dates which were movable in the Nanakshahi Calendar.
The Sikh Youth of Punjab (SYP) embraces this version of the calendar.
Gregorian Months |
March – April |
April – May |
May – June |
June – July |
July – August |
August – September |
September – October |
October – November |
November – December |
December – January |
January – February |
February – March |
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