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Mussaf (, also spelled Musaf or Musof) is a Jewish prayer service that is recited on Shabbat, Jewish holidays, Chol Hamoed, and Rosh Chodesh in addition to the three other services religious Jews recite daily: Shacharit (morning), Mincha (afternoon), and Maariv (evening). It is traditionally combined with Shacharit when recited. Tosefta Berachot: Translated into English with a Commentary By Eliyahu Gurevich, page 113 In contemporary Hebrew, the word may also signify a newspaper supplement.
During the days of the Temple in Jerusalem, additional Korban were given on Shabbat, festival, days Rosh Chodesh, and Chol Hamoed; in the absence of sacrifices, Mussaf were likely instituted between the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and the end of the Mishnaic period.
Mussaf refers to both the complete service—which includes the Amidah and all other recited following Shacharit —and the Amidah that is recited in Mussaf itself. The main addition is a fourth blessing of the Amidah, especially for the noted days. The time permitted for the recitation of Mussaf extends until the seventh halakhic hour of the day, which divides the day into twelve-hour segments. It is recommended to begin Mussaf before 6.5 halakhic hours, as doing so helps to avoid uncertainty regarding whether to recite Mussaf or Mincha first. If Mussaf is not recited by this time, it remains permissible to recite it for the remainder of the day; however, a person who intentionally delays this is referred to as a "sinner" by Amoraim in tractate Berakhot 28a of the Talmud.
The Priestly Blessing is said during a congregational hazzan's repetition of the Amidah. In the Nusach Ashkenaz outside the land of Israel, the Mussaf Amidah of major Jewish holidays is the only time the Priestly Blessing is said.
There are two reasons why: One is that it Mussaf involves the recitation of some prayers for what is the fourth time of the day; the other is Reform Judaism's rejection of sacrifice (as it appears in the Torah) as a necessary way to draw close to God.Explaining Reform Judaism By Eugene B. Borowitz, Naomi Patz, page 23
Near the end of the central Mussaf blessing, one requests 12 things from God ("goodness, blessing, rejoicing, happiness, redemption..."), corresponding to the 12 months of the year. During Hebrew calendar leap years, a 13th request is made ("atonement of willful sin"). In the Western Ashkenazic rite, the 13th request is recited only on Rosh Chodesh of Second Adar, the 13th month of the year.
The shofar is blown during Musaf as well as before musaf.Rosh Hashanah--Its Significance, Laws, and Prayers: A Presentation ... By Nosson Scherman, Hersh Goldwurm, Avie Gold, page 62
This is followed by the Chazzan's repetition of the Amidah that includes an additional reading known as the Kedushah, as well as Birkat Kohanim (either the full one or the Chazzan's recitation of Birkat Kohanim).
After the Amidah comes the full Kaddish, followed by Ein ke'eloheinu. In Orthodox Judaism this is followed by a reading from the Talmud on the incense offering called Pittum Haketoreth and daily psalms that used to be recited in the Temple in Jerusalem. These readings are usually omitted by Conservative Jews, and are always omitted by Reform Judaism Jews.
Pittum ha-ketoret is followed by the Rabbi's Kaddish (in the Western Ashkenazic rite, a Mourner's Kaddish is recited instead), the Aleinu, followed in most communities by a Mourner's Kaddish. Some communities conclude with the reading of Anim Zemirot, Shir Hayichud, the psalm of the Day, and/or either Adon Olam or Yigdal.
In any case, Ashkenazi women are permitted to recite Mussaf.Halichos Bas Yisrael, Volume II By Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Fuchs, page 104 On Rosh Hashanah, it is recommended that a woman who does not wish to remain in the synagogue for the Mussaf to still listen to the shofar blowing (even though strictly speaking, women are not obligated in shofar), but if she will not stay in shul, it is preferable for her to hear the shofar blowing before mussaf rather than the blowing in the middle of Mussaf.Halichos Bas Yisrael, Volume II By Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Fuchs, page 141
Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef ruled that women should come to the synagogue and listen to Mussaf, but not recite it, as the prayer might be considered a "blessing in vain" as they are not required to recite it. However, other Sephardi authorities permitted women to recite Mussaf. חיוב נשים בתפילת מוסף
On High Holidays, women are required to recite Mussaf and Ne'ila.Halichos Bas Yisrael, Volume I By Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Fuchs, page 46
| Shabbat | Two lambs | Numbers 28:9-10 |
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| Rosh Chodesh | Elevation offering Two young bulls One ram Seven lambs | Numbers 28:9-11 | |
| Passover Day 1 | Fire offering Elevation offering Two young bulls One ram Seven male lambs | Numbers 28:16-19 | Recited days 1–2 in Diaspora (Nisan 15–16) |
| Passover Days 2-7 | Fire offering Elevation offering Two young bulls One ram Seven male lambs | Numbers 28:19 | Recited on days 3–8 in Diaspora (Nisan 17–22) |
| Shavuot | Elevation offering Two young bulls One ram Seven male lambs | Numbers 28:26-27 | Recited two days in Diaspora (Sivan 6–7) |
| Rosh Hashanah | |||
| Yom Kippur | 1 bull 1 ram 7 male lambs 1 male goat | Numbers 29:7-11 | |
| Sukkot Day 1 | Elevation offering Fire offering 13 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:12-13 | Recited on first two days of Sukkot in Diaspora (Tishrei 15–16) |
| Sukkot Day 2 | 12 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:17 | Recited on the first day of Chol Hamoed (third day of Sukkot) in the Diaspora |
| Sukkot Day 3 | 11 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:20 | Recited on the first and second days of Chol Hamoed (third and fourth days of Sukkot) in the Diaspora |
| Sukkot Day 4 | 10 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:23 | Recited on the second and third days of Chol Hamoed (fourth and fifth days of Sukkot) in the Diaspora |
| Sukkot Day 5 | 9 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:26 | Recited on the third and fourth days of Chol Hamoed (fifth and sixth days of Sukkot) in the Diaspora |
| Sukkot Day 6 | 8 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:29 | Recited on the fourth and fifth days of Chol Hamoed (sixth and seventh days of Sukkot) in the Diaspora |
| Sukkot Day 7 (Hoshana Rabbah) | 7 young bulls 2 rams 14 lambs | Numbers 29:32 | |
| Shemini Atzeret/ Simchat Torah | Elevation offering Fire offering one bull one ram 7 lambs | Numbers 29:35-36 |
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