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In , a deme or ' (, plural: demoi ', δῆμοι) was a suburb or a subdivision of and other city-states. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of in 508 BC. In those reforms, enrollment in the citizen-lists of a deme became the requirement for citizenship; prior to that time, citizenship had been based on membership in a , or family group. At this same time, demes were established in the main city of Athens itself, where they had not previously existed; in all, at the end of Cleisthenes' reforms, was divided into 139 demes., Three other demes were created subsequently: Berenikidai (224/223 BC), Apollonieis (201/200 BC), and Antinoeis (AD 126/127). The establishment of demes as the fundamental units of the state weakened the , or aristocratic family groups, that had dominated the phratries.J.V. Fine, The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History

A deme functioned to some degree as a in miniature, and indeed some demes, such as and , were in fact significant towns. Each deme had a who supervised its affairs; various other civil, religious, and military functionaries existed in various demes. Demes held their own religious festivals and collected and spent revenue.David Whitehead, "Deme" from the Oxford Classical Dictionary, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ed.

Demes were combined within the same area to make , larger population groups, which in turn were combined to form the ten tribes, or , of Athens. Each tribe contained one trittys from each of three regions: the city, the coast, and the inland area.

Late Bronze Age
At Pylos, Linear B tablets refer to the damos as in the legal dispute of .

Cleisthenes' reforms and modifications
First period: 508 – 307/306 BC
divided the landscape in three zones—urban ( ), coastal ( paralia) and inland ( )—and the 139 demes were organized into 30 groups called trittyes ("thirds"), ten for each of the zones and into ten tribes, or , each composed of three trittyes, one from the coast, one from the city, and one from the inland area.

Cleisthenes also reorganized the Boule, created with 400 members under , so that it had 500 members, 50 from each tribe, each deme having a fixed quota.

The ten tribes were named after legendary heroes and came to have an official order:

Second period: 307/306 – 224/223 BC
In 307/306 – 224/223 BC the system was reorganized with the creation of two Macedonian Phylai (XI. Antigonis and XII. Demetrias), named after Demetrius I of Macedon and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and an increase in the membership of the Boule to 600. Each of the ten tribes, except Aiantis, provided three demes (not necessarily one for trittyes); the missing contribution of Aiantis was covered by two demes of Leontis and one from Aigeis.

Third period: 224/223 – 201/200 BC
The Egyptian Phyle XIII. Ptolemais, named after Ptolemy III Euergetes was created in 224/223 BC and the Boule was again increased, this time to 650 members, the twelve tribes giving each a demos. A new village was created and named Berenikidai after Ptolemy's wife Berenice II of Egypt.

Fourth period: 201/200 BC – 126/127 AD
In 201/200 BC the Macedonian Phylae were dissolved and the villages (except the two given to Ptolemais) went back to their original tribes. In the spring of 200 BC Tribe XIV. , named after , was created following the same scheme used for the creation of the Egyptian Phyle: each tribe contributed a deme and a new deme, Apollonieis, was created in honour of Apollonis, wife of Attalus I of Pergamum. As a consequence there were again 12 tribes and 600 members of the Boule. From this period onward, quotas were no longer assigned to the demes for the 50 Boule members from each tribe.

Fifth period: 126/127 – third century
The last modification was the creation in 126/127 of XV. , named after the Emperor , following the same scheme: each tribe contributed a deme and a new deme, , was created in honour of Hadrian's favourite, . Each tribe contributed 40 members to the Boule.

Representation in the Boule
In the first three periods there it a more detailed system of fixed quotas which essentially remained unchanged. There is no evidence for a single general reapportionment of quotas within each of the first three periods, while there are evident small quota-variations between the first and the second periods.

More precisely in:

307/306 BC, 24 demes increased of 1 bouleutes, 13 of 2, 5 or 3, 6 of 4 and 1 (Lower Paiania) of 11 and there is not a single example of a decreased quota.
224/223 BC 4 demes increased of 1 bouletes

As regards the last two periods, the material illustrates the complete collapse of the quota-system from 201/200 BC.

Spurious and Late Roman demes
Some deme lists suggest extensions to the list of 139+3 Demes by adding 43 additional names, some of which have been considered by scholars as Attic demes.Graes, Phegaia, Kaletea (III); Rhakidai, Kyrteidai (V); Phyle B, Perrihidai (VI); Kikynna B, Trinemeia B, Sypalettos B (VII); Agriadai, Pol(--), Anakaia B, Amymone, Sphendale (VIII); Kykala, Perrhidai, Thyrgonidai, Titakidai, Petalidai, Psaphis (IX); Atene B, De(--), Lekkon, Leukopyra, Ergadeis, Phyrrhinesioi, Malainai, Pentele (X). The criticism performed by John S. Traill shows that 24 are the result of error, ancientAnakaia B, Phegaieis B, Graes, Pol(--) or modern,Agriadai or of misinterpretationDe(--), Salamis, Kaletea, Kikynna B, Atene B, Ikaroin, Amphitrope B, Phyle B, Sypalettos B, Trinemeia B, Coastal Lamptrai, Chastieis, Chelidonia, Echelidai, Gephyreis, Lekkon, Oisia, Rhakidai, Sporgilos. and 19Hyporeia,Thirgonidai, Titakidai, Perrhidai, Petalidai, Eunostidai, Klopidai, Melainai, Sphendale, Pentale, Psaphis, Akyaia, Amymone, Ergadeis, Kykala, Kyrteidai, Leukopyra, Phy(r)rhinesioi, Semachidai B, are well known chiefly from inscriptions of the second and third centuries AD, i.e. in the fifth period, and thus for political purposes they were originally dependent on legitimate Cleisthenic demes.

Homonymous and divided demes
There were six pairs of homonymous demes:
  • Halai Araphenides (VII.Kekropis) and (II.Aigeis)
  • (VIII.Hippothontis; later XIII.Ptolemais, XIV.Attalis) and (IV.Leontis; affiliated with XII.Demetrias in the Macedonian period)
  • Eitea: there were two demes of that name, but no modifier is known. One is associated to V.Acamantis, later XI.Antigonis and XV.Hadrianis; the other is associated to X.Antiochis
  • Oinoe and Oinoe: again no modifier is known; one deme was associated to VIII.Hippothontis, later XII.Demetrias and XIII.Ptolemais; the other was associated to IX.Aiantis, later XIV.Attalis and XV.Hadrianis.
  • Kolonai: again no modifier is known; one deme was associated to IV.Leontis; the other to X.Antiochis, later XI.Antigonis and XIII.Ptolemais.
  • Eroiadai: again no modifier is known for these two demes associated to VIII.Hippothontis and X.Antiochis.

There were six divided demes, one composed of three parts:

  • , and (I.Erechtheis); one of them, but there is no prosopographical information for identifying which, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period; later one of them (again it is uncertain which) was transferred to XIV.Attalis.
  • , and (I.Erechtheis); Upper Lamptrai was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
  • , Upper and Lower (I.Erechtheis); one of them (no prosopographical information allows to decide which) was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
  • : no special designations of either section are preserved, although they are presumed to have the regular Upper and Lower forms. One section, perhaps Upper Ankale, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
  • , and (III.Pandionis); Upper Paiania, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonian period.
  • Potamos has three sections, , and Potamos Deiradiotes (IV.Leontes); during the Macedonian period, Potamos Deiradiotes belonged to XI.Antigonis and Lower Potamos to XII.Demetrias.

List of Athenian demes according to tribes/phylai (φυλαί)
The ten Cleisthenic tribes
+ I. Erechtheïs (Ἐρεχθηΐς)
233One deme to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
2
Euonymon101212
11 to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
688
222
5 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
91010
1(0)12to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
688
233One deme to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
2
111
0(1)11

+ II. Aigeis (Αἰγηΐς)
1 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
11
Bate1(2)1
1 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
12
Hestiaia11
34
Kolonos22
22
Halai Araphenides59
11
Phegaia3(4)3(4)to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Philaidai33
Erchia7(6)11
4 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
5(4) to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
2(1)2
1(2)1(2)to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
11
12
44

+ III. Pandionis (Πανδιονίς)
12(11) to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Angele2(3)44
688
Prasiai333
555to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Steiria334
11 to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
2(1) to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Oa444to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
1 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
112222

+ IV. Leontis (Λεοντίς)
333
33(4)3
355
1 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
344to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
222
1 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
2 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Potamioi Deiradiotai2 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
9910
Sounion466to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
2 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
255
222
Hekale11 to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
22(1)2
Kolonai222
111
333
222

+ V. Akamantis (Ἀκαμαντίς)
Cholargos46
Eiresidai12
Hermos22
11
Kerameis66
Kephale912
Poros3 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Thorikos5(6)6
Eitea2 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Hagnous5 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Kikynna23
Prospalta55to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Sphettos57

+ VI. Oeneïs (Οἰνηΐς)
11to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
1(2)1
1 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
23
11
33
Ptelea11
1(0)1to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
2(1) to XII.Demetrias in the second and third period
Oe6(7)6
Phyle2 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third period
Thria78to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
2225

+ VII. Kekropis (Κεκροπίς)
1 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Melite7 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
7 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Aixone812
610
610to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
11(0)
79to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Pithos2(3)4
22Meritt, 1961, pp.227-230 suggests that Sypalettos could be temporarily belonged to XIV.Attalis in 145; the argument would justify the conflicting facts that the current archon, Epikrates, was from Sypalettos and that archonship, in the secretary-cycle, should be assigned to Attalis; in connection he pointed that the son of the eponym, Attalos II, was of the deme Sypalettos and that a similar reletionship between phylai and members of the family of the eponym is proved by Ptolemy V Epiphanes, grandson of Ptolemy III and member of XIII.Ptolemais and by Hadrian which was accepted into the deme of Besa.
22

+ VIII. Hippothontis (Ἱπποθοντίς)
22
22
3 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Korydallos11to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Peiraieus910
22
11
1 to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Azenia22
Elaious11to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Eleusis1112
22
Oinoe2 to XII.Demetrias in the second and to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
33
Eroiadai12
46
33to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period

+ IX. Aiantis (Αἰαντίς)
9913
Marathon101013
Oinoe446to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
8812
336to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Aphidna1616 to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period

+ X. Antiochis (Ἀντιοχίς)
Alopeke1012
Aigilia67to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Amphitrope23
Anaphlystos1011
Atene3 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Besa22to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Thorai4 to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Eitea2(1)2
Eroiadai11
Kolonai2 to XI.Antigonis in the second period and to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Krioa12
Pallene6(7)9
Semachidai11

The Macedonian tribes
+ XI. Antigonis
Erachtheiscity33
Erachtheiscoast55
Erachtheisinland22
Aigeiscity11
Aigeisinland56
Pandioniscity1212
KytherosPandionisinland22
Pandionisinland11
Leontisinland22
Leontiscoast22
Potamos DeiradiotesLeontiscoast22
EiteaAkamantisinland22
Hippothontiscoast11
KolonaiAntiochisinland22

+ XII. Demetrias
Aigeiscity11
Leontiscity11
Leontiscoast12
HagnousAkamantisinland55
PorosAkamantiscoast33
Oineiscity11
Oineiscoast22
PhyleOineiscoast26
Kekropiscity11
MeliteKekropiscity77
Kekropiscity77
Hippothontiscity33
OinoeHippothontiscoast22
AteneAntiochiscoast34
ThoraiAntiochiscoast45

The later tribes
+ XIII. Ptolemais. Ptolemais was fifth in the tribal order during the periods it existed; the tribes from Acamantis to Antiochis were all moved back in the tribal order by one place.
KolonaiAntigonisinland222
OinoeDemetriascoast222
Erechteiscity111
Aigeisinland1 (2)1 (2)1
Pandionisinland111
HekaleLeontisinland111
ProspaltaAkamantisinland555
Oineiscity111
Kekropisinland699
Hippothontisinland333
AphidnaAiantisinland161616
AigiliaAntiochiscoast677
new 1

+ XIV. Attalis; Attalis was twelfth in the tribal order during the period it existed.
Erechteiscity333
Aigeisinland5 (4)66
Pandioniscoast555
SounionLeontiscoast466
Ptolemaisinlamd333
HagnousAkamantisinland555
Oineiscity1(0)11
Kekropisinland61010
KorydallosHippothontiscity333
OinoeAiantiscoast446
AteneAntiochiscoast344
new

+ XV. Hadrianis; Hadrianis was thirteenth in the tribal order during the period it existed.
Erechteiscoast1 (0)1 (0)2
PhegaiaAigeiscoast3 (4)3 (4)4
OaPandionisinland444
Leontiscity344
AphidnaPtolemaisinlamd161616
EiteaAkamantisinland222
ThriaOineiscoast788
Kekropiscity111
ElaiousHippothontiscoast111
Aiantiscoast336
BesaAntiochiscoast222
OinoeAttaliscoast446
new

The ten tribes of
When the city was settled under the support of and the command of and the population was organized in ten tribes, following the Athenian organization: there were tribes for the population of 1. Arcadia, 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7. , 8. population of , 9. the islands and 10. Athenians.Fritz Schachermeyr, Perikles, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart–Berlin–Köln–Mainz 1969

Demos as personification
The deme as the "body politic" began to be personified, typically as a bearded older man, in Greek art and literature of the early to mid-4th century BCE. Demos wears the garment and often holds a staff. He is usually standing; when seated, the figure can be ambiguous as to whether it represents . In Athens, thirty-two depictions of Demos, some arguable, occur within on honorary set up by the ekklesia, the democratic assembly of citizens. As a quasi-deity, Demos is neither the polis itself, which tended to be a female personification, nor its , but seems rather to have represented the political process as such. At times he is depicted with Boule, the personification of the citizens' administrative council of a city ( boule), who is not known to have been depicted other than in the company of Demos. In the Hellenistic period, depictions of Demoi become more youthful, tending toward a similarity to the Genius of the Roman People.Amy C. Smith, Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art (Brill, 2011), pp. 92, 99–101.

In the play known in English as , satirizes the Demos of Athens as the master to whom politicians are enslaved. The play is set in the house of Demos.Roger Brock, Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle (Bloomsbury, 2013), n.p.Christopher Carey, Democracy in Classical Athens (Bloomsbury, 2017, 2nd ed.), p. 92. The "love of country" extolled by politicians was mocked by Aristophanes as a literal sexual relationship, with as erastes of Demos, who is susceptible to flattery and seduction.Andrea Wilson Nightingale, Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 188–189.

The personification of the demos visualized the power of the people as consolidated in an individual — an image that could be manipulated by demagogues.Matthew Landauer, Dangerous Counsel: Accountability and Advice in Ancient Greece (University of Chicago Press, 2019), p. 12. In the Roman era, the demos of a particular place thus embodied could be integrated into imperial cult, as with the Demos of Ephesos represented at the Temple of Hadrian.Ketty Iannantuono,“Artemis, Trajan and the Demos in Parade: A Reinterpretation of the Reliefs at the So-Called Temple of Hadrian at Ephesus,” Jahreshefte Des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien (ÖJh) 90 (2021) 245–272.

Later usage
The term "deme" (dēmos) survived into the Hellenistic and Roman eras. By the time of the , the term was used to refer to one of the four chariot racing factions: the Reds, the Blues, the Greens and the Whites.

In modern Greece, the term dēmos is used to denote one of the municipalities.

Footnotes
  • (1975). 9780876615140, American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA). .
  • Fine, John V. A. The Ancient Greeks: A critical history (Harvard University Press, 1983). .
  • Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003). .
  • Meritt, B. D. The Athenian Year. Berkeley, 1961.
  • Suzanne, Bernard (1998). plato-dialogues.org, "Attic Tribes and Demes". Retrieved August 1, 2006.
  • Whitehead, David. The Demes of Attica 508/7–ca. 250 BC: A Political and Social Study (Princeton University Press, 1986).

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