Gezer, or Tel Gezer (), in – Tell Jezar or Tell el-Jezari is an archaeological site in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains at the border of the Shfela region roughly midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. It is now an Israeli national park. In the Hebrew Bible, Gezer is associated with Joshua and Solomon.
The archaeological site of Tel Gezer rises to an elevation of above sea-level, and affords a commanding prospect of the plains to the west, north, and east.
Gezer became a major fortified city-state in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. It was later destroyed by fire and rebuilt. It is first mentioned in several Ancient Egypt inscriptions. Its importance was due in part to the strategic position it held at the crossroads of the Via Maris linking Egypt with Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia, and the road to Jerusalem and Jericho, both important trade routes. In Roman and Byzantine times, the site was sparsely populated. Later, In the modern era, Tel Gezer was the site of the Palestinian village of Abu Shusheh, the residents of which fled
Sources
Late Bronze
Egyptian Period
18th Dynasty. Gezer is first mentioned as part of a list of cities taken by
Thutmose III on the walls of the Precinct of Amun-Re, at
Karnak.
The
Amarna letters mention kings of Gezer swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh.
19th Dynasty. Gezer is mentioned in the Merneptah Stele, dating from the end of the 13th century BCE, which states: "Plundered is the Canaan with every evil; carried off is Ashkelon; seized upon is Gezer; Yenoam is made as that which does not exist; Israelites is laid waste, his seed is not".
Biblical conquest under Joshua
In biblical times, Gezer, which lay on the outskirts of Jewish land, was incorporated at a later time.
The biblical story of the
Israelite conquest of Canaan under their leader Joshua mentions a certain "king of Gezer" () who had gone to help his countrymen in
Lachish, where he met his death.
Gezer is listed in the Book of Joshua as one of the cities allotted to the tribe of Ephraim, as well as a
Levitical city, one of ten allotted to the Levite children of
Kohath – the
Kohathites ().
Eusebius (4th century CE), describing the biblical Gezer of his day, writes:
Gazer . The lot of Ephraim, set aside for Levites. And Joshua besieged it, killing its king (Josh. 10:33). Solomon also built here (1 Kings 9:15–16). It is now called Gazara, a village of Nikopolis (Imwas), which 4 Milestone from it in the north. The tribe of Ephraim did not expel the foreigners from it (Judges 1:29).
The Egyptian sack of Gezer
According to the
Hebrew Bible, the only source for this particular event, the
Sack of Gezer took place at the beginning of the 10th century BCE,
when the city was conquered and burned by an unnamed Egyptian
pharaoh, identified by some with
Siamun, during his military campaign in
Philistia. This anonymous Egyptian pharaoh then gave it to King Solomon as the dowry of his daughter. Solomon then rebuilt Gezer and fortified it.
The Bible states:
Identifying the biblical pharaoh
The only mention in the Bible of a pharaoh who might be Siamun (ruled 986–967 BCE) is the text from 1 Kings quoted above, and we have no other historical sources that clearly identify what really happened. As shown below,
Kenneth Kitchen believes that Siamun conquered Gezer and gave it to Solomon. Others such as Paul S. Ash and Mark W. Chavalas disagree, and in 2001 Chavalas states that "it is impossible to conclude which Egyptian monarch ruled concurrently with David and Solomon".
Professor Edward Lipinski argues that Gezer, then unfortified, was destroyed late in the 10th century (and thus not contemporary with Solomon) and that the most likely Pharaoh was
Shoshenq I (ruled 943–922 BCE).
However, the archaeological evidence recovered at the site indicates that Gezer was previously destroyed in an earlier stratum, around the times of Siamun.
Lindelle C. Webster's excavation team concluded recently that correlation of Stratum IX, in Tel Gezer, with Solomon’s era and Siamun "is improbable as of Tandy Stratum 10A is estimated by radiocarbon within the 11th century BCE, contemporary with the 21st Dynasty of Egypt but too early for Solomon by any estimate," and that correlation of Stratum 7 "with Shishak/Shoshenq's end boundary, (927–885 BCE, 68.3% hpd), included the biblical date for Shishak’s campaign does not fit well with current radiocarbon-based estimates for Shoshenq."
Tanis temple relief
One fragmentary but well-known surviving triumphal relief scene from the Temple of
Amun at
Tanis believed to be related to the sack of Gezer depicts an Egyptian pharaoh smiting his enemies with a mace. According to the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen, this pharaoh is Siamun.
The pharaoh appears here "in typical pose brandishing a mace to strike down prisoners(?) now lost at the right except for two arms and hands, one of which grasps a remarkable double-bladed axe by its socket."
The writer observes that this double-bladed axe or '
halberd' has a flared crescent-shaped blade which is close in form to the Aegean-influenced double axe but is quite distinct from the Canaanite double-headed axe, which has a different shape that resembles an X.
Thus, Kitchen concludes Siamun's foes were the
Philistines, who were descendants of the Aegean-based
Sea Peoples and that Siamun was commemorating his recent victory over them at Gezer by depicting himself in a formal battle scene relief at the temple in Tanis. Alternatively, Paul S. Ash had put forward a detailed argument that Siamun's relief portrays a fictitious battle. He points out that in Egyptian reliefs Philistines are never shown holding an axe, and that there is no archaeological evidence for Philistines using axes. He also argues that there is nothing in the relief to connect it with
Philistia or the
Levant.
Location
Gezer was located on the northern fringe of the
Shephelah region, approximately northwest of Jerusalem. It was strategically situated at the junction of the
Via Maris, the international coastal highway, and the highway connecting it with Jerusalem through the valley of Ayalon, or
Ajalon. The nearest modern-Israeli settlement to the archaeological site is
Karmei Yosef.
Verification of the identification of this site with Bible Gezer comes from a dozen bilingual inscriptions in either Hebrew or Aramaic, and Greek, found engraved on rocks several hundred meters from the tell.
Today's archaeological site spans an area of 130 Dunam (32 acres), and contains 26 levels of settlement, from the Chalcolithic to the early (3500 BCE to 100 CE). Most of the remains date from the Middle and Late Canaan and the Israelites periods.[ Tel Gezer, Israel Antiquities Authority]
History
Chalcolithic
The first settlement established at Tel Gezer dates to the end of the 4th millennium BCE during the
Chalcolithic period, when large caves cut into the rock were used as dwellings.
[Gibson, Shimon (2007). «Gezer». Encyclopedia Judaica
]
/ref>
-
Strata XXVI Beersheban Chalcolithic.
[Bourke 1993]
Early Bronze Age
At the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (early 3rd millennium BCE), an unfortified settlement covered the tell. It was destroyed in the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE and subsequently abandoned for several centuries.
-
Strata XXV EB I.
[Bourke 1993]
Middle Bronze Age
In the Middle Bronze Age IIB (MBIIB, first half of the 2nd millennium BCE), Gezer became a major city, well fortified
-
Stratum XVIII MB III/LB IA
[Webster et al 2023]
- Fortifications
On the north side of the city, the fortifications consisted of at least two lines of defense surrounding the tell.[ Tel Gezer (Tel el-Jazari) Ancient Village or Settlement, The Megalithic Portal] The inner wall measured 4 metres in width and was made of large stone blocks, reinforced with towers.
- Cultic site with massebot
Cultic remains discovered in the northern part of the tell were a row of ten large standing stone, known as or , singular , oriented north–south, the tallest of which was three meters high, with an altar-type structure in the middle, and a large, square, stone basin, probably used for cultic . The exact purpose of these is still debated, but they may have constituted a Canaanite "high place" from the Middle Bronze Age, ca. 1600 BCE, each masseba possibly representing a Canaanite city connected to Gezer by treaties enforced by rituals performed here. Both the number and size of the standing stones confer a unique character to this cultic site.[Dever, William G, "The Middle Bronze Age "High Place" at Gezer", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 371, pp. 17-57, May 2014] A double cave beneath the high place was shown to be predating it and not connected to it.
Late Bronze Age
In the Late Bronze Age (second half of the 2nd millennium BCE) a new city wall, thick, was erected outside the earlier one.
-
Stratum XVII LB IB (unexcavated)
[Webster et al 2023]
-
Stratum XVI/13 LB IIA (two walls of a monumental building)
[Webster et al 2023]
-
Stratum XV/12B LB IIB (elite building)
[Webster et al 2023]
Thutmosid Period
The Canaanite city was destroyed in a fire, presumably in the wake of a campaign by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III (ruled 1479–1425 BCE). The oldest known historical reference to the city is to be found on an inscription of conquered sites at Thutmose's temple at Karnak.[ A destruction layer from this event was found in all excavated areas of the tell.]
Amarna Period
The Amarna letters, dating from the 14th century BCE, include ten letters from the kings of Gezer swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh.[, Haaretz, published October 24, 2013, retrieved November 27, 2013.]
In the 14th century BCE, a palace was constructed on the high western part of the tell, the city's acropolis. Archaeologists also discovered remains of what might have been the Egyptian governor's residence from the same period in the northern part of the tell.
Ramesside Period
In the late reign of Ramesses II, climate became drier and colder causing turmoil in the Mediterranean from around 1250 BCE, eventually leading to the Late Bronze collapse. The death of Ramesses II caused cities in Canaan to rebel to become independent. Merneptah of Egypt, who succeeded Ramesses II, had to regain control and boasted about his Merneptah Stele. A massive fiery destruction seems to support this in excavations done by Prof. Steven Ortiz.
Toward the end of the Bronze Age, the city declined and its population diminished.
Iron Age
In 12th and 11th centuries BCE, a large building with many rooms and courtyards was situated on the acropolis. Grinding stones and grains of wheat found among the sherds indicate that it was a granary. Macalister describes the Iron Age construction of an olive press with collecting vats.
The 10th century BCE seems to have been a period of notable urban development for the city until it became destroyed in the third quarter of that century, probably as a result of Shoshenq I's campaign in Canaan at that time.
-
Stratum XIV/12A Iron IA (repairs, rebuilding).
[Webster et al 2023]
-
Stratum XIII-XII/11 Iron IA/B (philistine pottery)
[Webster et al 2023]
-
Stratum XI/10B
-
Stratum X-IX/10A Iron IB
-
Stratum 9 Iron IC/IIA
-
Stratum VIII/8 Iron IIA
-
Stratum VII/7 Iron IIA
-
Stratum VI/6B-A Iron IIB.
[Webster et al 2023]
By the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, the city is estimated by Dever to have had a population of around 3,000 people.
Israelite city gate, wall
On the southern slope about 200 meters east of the gate from the Middle Bronze Age IIB, there is what is now known as the "Solomon Gate". This area was excavated at the beginning of the 20th century by Macalister, who defined the remains discovered there as a "Maccabean citadel" from the 2nd century BCE, because on one of the stones a curse against Simon Thassi was found engraved in Greek (Macalister 1912, vol. I: 209–23; 236–56).
After the discovery of identical gates from the time of King Solomon in Tel Megiddo and Tel Hazor, and following what is told in the Bible about the construction projects of this king in the three cities, Yigael Yadin proved in 1957 that in fact the Hasmonean citadel was no other than a gate from the days of Solomon.
Tiglath-Pileser III and the Neo-Assyrian period
The Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III put Gezer under siege between the years 734 and 732 BCE.
Stamped Rhodian amphora handles, a Tyrian lead weight of the Tanit series, and a didrachm of Ptolemy VI found in situ suggest a Hellenistic occupation from the end of the 3rd century BCE to 142 BCE.
According to the book of 1 Maccabees, Simon Thassi captured Gazara and expelled the population during the Maccabean Revolt. He then brought in new settlers of devout Jews and fortified it, making it part of the Hasmonean kingdom.[ The Excavation of Ancient Gezer]
Notwithstanding Simon's capture of Gezer in circa 142 BCE, Josephus alludes to the fact that Gezer returned under Seleucid control in the days of Antiochus VII Sidetes and during the high-priesthood of Simon's son, John Hyrcanus.[Josephus, Antiquities (13.9.2.; 13.259).]
Josephus, in both his Antiquities (12.7.4.; 13.6.7.; 13.9.2.) and in the Jewish War (1.2.2.), cites the Book of Maccabees as his primary source for these events and retains the Greek form of the name Gazara (), meaning, Gezer.
Elsewhere, Josephus ( Jewish War 1.170) wrote that a certain " Gadara" () was one of the five Synedrion, or regional administrative capitals of the Hasmonean realm, established by Aulus Gabinius, the Roman proconsul of Syria, in 57 BCE.
Roman and Byzantine periods
Gezer was sparsely populated during Roman times and later times, as other regional population centers took its place.[ Archaeological finds attesting to the Hellenistic and early Roman periods include two Public bathing discovered in situ, as well as a number of ritual baths (mikveh) and rock tombs.]
Crusader period
In 1177, the plains around Gezer were the site of the Battle of Montgisard, in which the Crusaders under Baldwin IV defeated the forces of Saladin. There was a Crusader Lordship of Montgisard and apparently a castle stood there, a short distance from Ramleh.
Early modern and modern periods
R.A. Stewart Macalister who excavated the ruin in the years 1902–1905 and 1907–1909 has noted that around the year 1869 the mound and other parts of the lands of the village of Abû Shûsheh were acquired by Messrs. Bergheim, who had been bankers in Jerusalem. Their acquisition of these lands would prove "a fortunate circumstance" for the excavator, as the site was later put at the disposal of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Archaeological highlights
Canaanite water system
A large Canaanite (Bronze Age) water system comprising a tunnel going down to a spring, similar to those found in Jerusalem, Tel Hazor and Tel Megiddo, was first excavated by Macalister and was re-excavated as part of the 2006–2017 campaigns of the Tel Gezer Excavation and Publication Project.
In 2010 a team from the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary ("NOBTS"), in partnership with the Israeli Parks Authority and the Israeli Antiquities Authority, launched an effort to clear a massive water tunnel, discovered first by Macalister over a hundred years earlier.[ nobts.edu] Macalister never fully excavated the tunnel because a strong storm blew debris back into the tunnel and he considered it too expensive and time consuming to re-excavate the site.[ members.bib-arch.org][Gary D. Myers, Archaeological team moves 230 tons of Israel dig debris, baptistpress.com, USA, September 15, 2011]
In 2011 professor Dennis Cole, archaeologist Dan Warner and engineer Jim Parker from NOBTS, and Tsvika Tsuk from the Israeli Parks Authority, led another team in an attempt to finish the effort.
In 2012, the team uncovered a large sealed cavern about nine meters beyond the water pool and "Macalister's Causeway."
In 2013, the team began an effort to preserve the ancient Canaanite mudbrick gate and complex near the water system.
In the Water System: "Most of the first two weeks of the dig were spent searching for the bottom step and cleaning Macalister’s causeway. Tons of debris and rocks were removed in the process. When the bottom step was located and the causeway area clear, the team excavated three probes in the pool area. Each of the pool probes reached a depth of more than six feet before the end of the season and the bottom of the pool was discovered in only one probe (Eastern probe)—the one just below the bottom step of the water shaft."
The debris removal and excavation continued until the summer of 2017.
Gezer calendar
One of the best-known finds is the "Gezer calendar". This is a plaque containing a text appearing to be either a schoolboy's memory exercises, or a text designated for organising the collection of taxes from farmers. Another possibility is that the text was a popular folk song, or child's song, listing the months of the year according to the agricultural seasons. It has proved to be of value by informing modern researchers of ancient Middle Eastern script and language, as well as the agricultural seasons.
Boundary stones
Thirteen boundary stones have been identified near the tell, distanced between less than 200 metres to almost 2 km from it, probably dating from the Late Hellenistic period (late 2nd
There are only a few "lost" biblical cities that have been positively identified through inscriptions discovered by means of archaeological work (surveys or digs).
Ten of the thirteen inscriptions are bilingual,
Language: Hebrew or Aramaic
David M. Jacobson wrote that the inscriptions are in Hebrew and that this suggests a need for a closer look at their date.
Other scholars are not convinced that the language of the inscriptions is Hebrew and not Aramaic, leaving both options as possible as is the case in the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae.
Egyptian-era remains
In July 2017, archaeologists discovered skeletal remains of a family of three, one of the adults and a child wearing earrings, believed to have been killed during an Egyptian invasion in the 13th century BCE.
Archaeological excavation history
Archaeological excavation at Gezer has been going on since the early 20th century, and it has become one of the most excavated sites in Israel. The site was identified with ancient Gezer by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau in 1871. R. A. Stewart Macalister excavated the site between 1902 and 1909 on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund.[R. A. Stewart Macalister, "The Excavation of Gezer: 1902 - 1905 and 1907 - 1909", John Murray, Albemarle Street West, London, 1912, Volume 1: [9] Volume 2: [10] Volume 3: [11]] Twentyone quarterly dig reports were published in the Palestine Exploration Quarterly.[R. A. Stewart Macalister, Twenty-First Quarterly Report on the Excavation of Gezer, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 41, iss. 2, pp. 87-105, 1909] Macalister recovered several artifacts and discovered several constructions and defenses. He also established Gezer's habitation strata, though due to poor stratigraphical methods, these were later found to be mostly incorrect (as well as many of his theories). In 1914 and 1921 Raymond-Charles Weill dug there, focusing mainly on the Bronze and Iron Age Tombs. Results were not published due the Weill's assistant Paule Zerlwer-Silberberg dying in a camp in occupied France and the excavation data was lost at that time.[P. Silberberg-Zelwer, "Les fouilles Edmond de Rothschild" in Cahiers Juifs, no. 23, pp.472 – 476, June – July 1936][Aren M. Maier, "Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tel Gezer, Israel: Finds from Raymond-Charles Weill's Excavations in 1914 and 1924", BAR International Series 1206, Archaeopress, 2004 ] Surprisingly, the master thesis of that assistant, about the dig, was recently discovered and was published in 2012.[Zerlwer-Silberberg, Paule, Les Fouilles de M. Raymond Weill à Tell-Gezer (1914 et 1924): Le mémoire perdu et retrouvé de Mme Silberberg-Zelwer (1892–1942). Publication de deux campagnes de fouilles archéologiques conduites par M. Raymond Weill à Tell Gezer (1913–1924). 1942. Jerusalem: Centre de recherché français à Jèrusalem., 2012] Alan Rowe briefly visited the site in 1934. Between 1964 and 1974 G.E. Wright, William Dever and Joe Seger worked at Gezer on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Archaeology in the Hebrew Union College and Harvard University.[William G. Dever, G. Wright, H. Lance, "Gezer I", Hebrew Union College Press, 1970 ][William G. Dever, "Gezer II: Report of the 1967-70 Seasons in Fields I & II", Hebrew Union College Press; (June 1, 1974) ][Seymour Gitin, "Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer", Hebrew Union College Press (June 1, 1990), ][William G. Dever, "Gezer IV: The Nineteen Sixty-Nine to Seventy-One Seasons in Field Vi, the "Acropolis"", Hebrew Union College Press (December 1, 1988) ][Joe D Seger, "Gezer V : the field I caves", Jerusalem : Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, 1988][Garth Gilmour, "Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–74)", Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2014 ][Seger, J., and J. W. Hardin, Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013 ] Dever worked there again in 1984 and 1990, with the Andrews University.[Younker, R. W., "A Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season at Tel Gezer: Excavations of the “Outer Wall” and the “Solomonic” Gateway ( July 2 to August 10, 1990).”, Andrews University Seminary Studies, vol. 29, pp. 19–60, 1991]
Latest excavations and surveys (2006–2017)
Excavations were renewed in June 2006 by a consortium of institutions under the direction of Steve Ortiz of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS) and Sam Wolff of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). The Tel Gezer Excavation and Publication Project is a multi-disciplinary field project investigating the Iron Age history of Gezer. The effort completed in 2017.[http://www.telgezer.com/gezer/assets/File/neareastarch%2075%201%200004%20(4).pdf Ortiz, Steven; Wolff, Samuel, "GUARDING THE BORDER TO JERUSALEM: The Iron Age City of Gezer", Near Eastern Archaeology; Chicago, vol. 75, iss. 1, pp. 4–19, Mar 2012][http://www.telgezer.com/gezer/assets/File/Gezer%202006-2015-Transformation%20of%20Border.pdf Oded Lipschitz and Aren Maeir (eds.), "Tel Gezer Excavations 2006-2015: The Transformation of a Border City in The Shephelah during the Iron Age: Recent Archaeological Studies.", Eisenbrauns, pp. 61–102, 2017][S. Ortiz, S. Wolff, G. Arbino, "Tel Gezer, 2006-2009."; in Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel 123, Israel Antiquities Authority 123 (2011)]
The first season of the Gezer excavations concluded successfully and revealed some interesting details. Among other things is a discovery of a thick destruction layer may be dated to the destruction at the hands of the Egyptians, which some associate with the biblical episode from : "Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, had attacked and captured Gezer, killing the Canaanite population and burning it down. He gave the city to his daughter as a wedding gift when she married Solomon."
In 2013, two separate archaeological survey-excavations were conducted at Tel Gezer, one by Tsvika Tsuk, Yohanan Hagai, and Daniel Warner, on behalf of the IAA,[Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # A-6744] and the other led by a team of archaeologists from the SWBTS and Andrews University's Institute of Archaeology.[Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # S-438]
Gallery
File:Twomoderngezerites.png|
File: Springingezer.png |
File:Twohornedastarte.png|
File:Waterpotsfound.png|
File:Sacredcaveplan.png|
File:Taanachaltar.png|
File:Massebotlady.png|Archaeologist or student with large, numerous massebot
File:Portion of excavated site at Tel Gezer.jpg|Excavations at Tel Gezer
File:Highplacecave.png|High place with "cup holders", cave mouth
File:Remains of tower - Tel Gezer.jpg|Courses of stone in old tower at Gezer
File:Olivepresses.png|recessed olive presses look similar to the cup holders at the same site, in a polka dot pattern
File:Approach to Tel Gezer.jpg|Approach to Tel Gezer (seen in distance)
File:Teraphimandtongueofgold1.png|Figurine discovered at Gezer.
See also
-
Cities of the ancient Near East
-
Archaeology of Israel
Notes
Further reading
External links
