Footprints are the impressions or images left behind by a person walking or running. Hoofprints and pawprints are those left by animals with hoof or rather than foot, while " shoeprints" is the specific term for prints made by . They may either be indentations in the ground or something placed onto the surface that was stuck to the bottom of the foot. A "trackway" is a set of footprints in soft earth left by a life-form; Animal track are the footprints, hoofprints, or pawprints of an animal.
Footprints can be followed when tracking during a hunting or can provide evidence of activities. Some footprints remain unexplained, with several famous stories from mythology and legend. Others have provided evidence of prehistoric life and behaviours.
Footprints in detective work
The print left behind at a
crime scene can give vital evidence to the perpetrator of the crime. Shoes have many different prints based on the sole design and the wear that it has received – this can help to identify suspects.
[BBC News, 2 March 1998. " Footprints help to track down criminals". Accessed 28 July 2006.] Photographs or
of footprints can be taken to preserve the finding. Analysis of footprints and shoeprints is a specialist part of
forensics.
Some detective work is relatively immediate, with criminals being tracked by the footprints they left in the snow leading from the crime scene to their home or hiding place. This is usually reported as a humorous story in news publications.[BBC News, 30 June 2005. " Vandal caught by his footprints". Accessed 28 July 2006.][BBC News, 27 April 2006. " Footprints in snow lead to court". Accessed 28 July 2006.]
Footprints can also allow the detective to find the approximate height from,
Footprints have been shown to have determined the height and the sex of the individual.
Ridge patterns
Friction ridge skin present on the soles of the feet and toes (plantar surfaces) is as unique in its ridge detail as are the fingers and palms (palmar surfaces). When recovered at crime scenes or on items of evidence, sole and toe impressions can be used in the same manner as finger and palm prints to effect identifications. Footprint (toe and sole friction ridge skin) evidence has been admitted in courts in the United States since 1934.
[ People v. Les, 267 Michigan 648, 255 NW 407.]
The footprints of infants, along with the thumb or index finger prints of mothers, are still commonly recorded in hospitals to assist in verifying the identity of infants. Often, the only identifiable ridge detail that can be seen on a baby's foot is from the large toe or adjacent to the large toe.
It is not uncommon for military records of flight personnel to include bare foot inked impressions. Friction ridge skin protected inside flight boots tends to survive the trauma of a plane crash (and accompanying fire) better than fingers. Even though the US Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (AFDIL), as of 2010, stored refrigerated DNA samples from all active duty and reserve personnel, almost all casualty identifications are effected using fingerprints from military ID card records (live scan fingerprints are recorded at the time such cards are issued). When friction ridge skin is not available from military personnel's remains, DNA and are used to confirm identity.
Ancient footprints
Footprints have been preserved as
and provide evidence of prehistoric life. Known as "
Fossil track", these
can give clues to the behaviour of specific species of
dinosaur. The study of such fossils is known as
ichnology and the footprints may be given scientific names (
ichnotaxon).
Grallator is one example of an
ichnogenus based on ichnites. Strictly speaking, an ichnospecies is the name of the trace fossil, not of the animal that made it.
An international team's discovery of a set of 1.5 million-year-old human ancestor footprints in Ileret, Kenya provides the earliest direct evidence of a modern human style of upright walking. The team believe that the prints were probably formed by the species Homo erectus.[ Ancient 1.5 Million-Year-Old Footprints Show Earliest Evidence of Modern Foot Anatomy and Walking Newswise, Retrieved on 3 March 2009.]
Footprints suggesting the first making of shoes or sandals due to having crisp edges, no signs of toes found and three small divots where leather tying laces/straps would have been attached have been in South Africa dating back to between 73,000 and 136,000 PB.
Further, in September 2021, scientists reported the discovery of human footprints in the state of New Mexico that are understood to be 23,000 years old, around the time of the last Ice age.
Other footprint findings
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Lark Quarry Dinosaur Trackways, the only known palaeontological record of a dinosaur stampede
[ Queensland Parks and Widelife Service: Lark Quarry Conservation Park ]
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Trachilos footprints – hominin-like footprints from the Miocene era (5.7 million years ago) discovered in Crete.
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Laetoli – human footprints from the Pliocene era (3.7 million years ago) preserved in volcanic ash
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Siwa Oasis in Egypt – hominid footprint over 3 million years old
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Koobi Fora – 1.5 million-year-old hominini footprints in Kenya showing essentially modern bipedalism
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The Ciampate del Diavolo in Italy are a series of hominid footprints in solidified ash from the eruption of a volcano 345,000 years ago
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Acahualinca – 2,100-year-old human footprints fossilized in volcanic ash and mud in Nicaragua
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Uskmouth – human footprints carbon dating to 4200 BC preserved in clay
[Gathering the Jewels. " Prehistoric footprints, Uskmouth, Glamorgan ". Accessed 28 July 2006.]
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Hawaii Volcanoes National Park – Footprint impressions found in the Ka’u Desert ash within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
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Footprints of Eve – the oldest known footprints of an anatomically modern human
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1790 Footprints – a set of footprints on the island of Hawaii
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Happisburgh footprints – footprints of about five adult and children members of Homo antecessor dating to more than 800,000 years before present, found at Happisburgh in England
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Pilauco Bajo, the oldest footprint found in the Americas
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Paluxy dinosaur trackways and footprints in the Paluxy riverbed.
Footprints in myth and legend
The appearance of footprints, or marks interpreted as footprints, have led to numerous myths and legends. Some locations use such imprints as tourist attractions.
Détailed article Petrosomatoglyph
Examples of footprints in myth and legend include:
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Buddha footprint – an aniconic and symbolic representation of the Gautama Buddha.
[Japanese Buddhist Statuary, 14 January 2005. " Stone footprints of the Buddha". Accessed 28 July 2006.]
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The Devil's Footprints – an unexplained series of hoof-like marks that appeared in Devon, England on 8 February 1855 after a light snowfall during the night.
[MysteriousBritain.co.uk. " The Devil's Footprints ". Accessed 28 July 2006.]
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Golden calf – in Islam dust from the hoofprints of Haizum, the winged horse of archangel Gabriel, is used to animate the Golden calf.
[" Libra the Scales ". Accessed 28 July 2006.]
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Moso's Footprint – a 1m by 3m rock enclosure in Samoa made when the giant Mosuo stepped over to Samoa from Fiji, and the other footprint can be found on Viti Levu, the largest island of Fiji.
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Footprints of Bigfoot, a cryptozoology animal, are said to give proof to its existence.
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Sri Pada, or Adam's Peak, a mountain in Sri Lanka, has a large footprint-shaped impression in the rock at its summit, said by various religious adherents to be that of the Buddha, Shiva or Adam.
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The reputed print of the right foot of Jesus is preserved in the Mosque of the Ascension in Jerusalem.
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A set of Jesus's footprints, according to legend, are preserved at the Church of Domine Quo Vadis outside of Rome.
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A mark in stone of the paving of the Munich Frauenkirche is known as the Teufelstritt ("Devil's Footstep").
Footprints in popular culture
The imagery of footprints has been used in many areas of popular culture. Several poems and songs have been written about them, with the Christian poem
Footprints being one of the best known.
Prints or impressions of a child's feet can be kept as a memento by parents.[Check Footprints http://www.baby-art.com/en/products/categories/prints.aspx] Usually this is done using paint. The impressions of celebrity's feet, usually in concrete, may be kept in a collection such as that outside Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
See also
External links
