Enmebaragesi (Sumerian: Enmebárgisi EN-ME-BARA2-GI4-SE; )[Jacobsen The Sumerian King List pp. 82-85] Enmebaragesi signals a momentous documentary leap from mytho-history to history, since he is the earliest ruler on the king list whose name is attested directly from archaeology.
Name
The name construction of "Title A Place B-e si-Ø" (Official A who is appropriate for place B) was commonly used in the Early Dynastic .
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EN (): Honorific title that was not part of the original name,
[Steinkeller (2015) p.44] used on kings associated with cities sacred to Inanna in the mythical historiography of Ur-Nammu's dynasty.[Michalowski (2003) p.205]
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ME (): Michalowski reads it as isib (priest), while Steinkeller concludes it is an abbreviated writing form of men (crown).
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BARA2 (): According to the onomastic it is a cultic/political place. However, if the pattern is "ME fit for Official A", it would mean "ruler".
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SI (): Verb meaning "to fill", which has more active force than the intransitive verb TUŠ (to sit, dwell), having a highly ideological meaning.
Given both options, the name can be translated as "Priest who permeates the throne"[Steinkeller (2015) p.45]
Date
The dating of Enmebaragesi's reign and lifespan has inspired a fair amount of debate within the scholarly community, with propositions ranging from beginning Early Dynastic I (-2800 BCE) to Early Dynastic IIIa (). Most scholars typically attribute a date of ,
[Beaulieu A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75 p. 36][Scarre Ancient Civilizations p.80][Lombardo Gilgamesh p. 2] citing several inscriptions that are datable to that period, while others place these inscriptions slightly earlier at .
Gianni Marchesi and Niccolò Marchetti, in their 2006 book:
Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, propose that three of the four inscriptions typically attributed to Enmebaragesi refer to a non-royal personage, due to their lack of royal dedicators and the fact that they are dated later than the only known inscription referring to Enmebaragesi as king. These ideas are also reflected in the publications of the ARCANE project (Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East), the most up-to-date evaluation of the chronology of 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia.
Inscriptions
Four inscriptions have been found with the name Mebaragesi, however, only one specifically mentions the title of king, a vessel fragment (IM 30590) of unknown provenance marked "confiscated at Kut", housed in the Baghdad Museum; ("Mebaragsi, King of Kish").
This inscription can be dated on palaeographic grounds to the Early Dynastic I based on the very archaic form of the sign Kish, still showing the horns of the aurochs’ heads' at the origin of the grapheme.
[Mittermayer (2005) pp.23-24][Marchesi & Marchetti Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia pp. 97-129]Another vessel fragment from
Khafajah, inscribed with the name ME-barag-si is usually also attributed to the king of Kish.
However, the dating of the piece is from the ED IIIa, and the
Bara2 () of the inscription is of a different shape than that of the inscription in the Baghdad Museum, which might suggest it is referring to another Mebaragesi who was not king.
[Marchesi Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia pp. 139-156] He is also attested in the
Sumerian King List and in the
Tummal Inscription, both as the father of Aga of Kish and the first builder of the temple:
Enmebaragesi is also mentioned Gilgamesh and Aga as the father of Aga who laid siege to Uruk. In The Lord to the Living One's Mountain Gilgamesh's sister, who is offered to the monster Huwawa, is named Enmebaragesi .
Reign
According to the
Sumerian King List, Kish had the hegemony over the entire territory of northern
Babylonia and the most northern section of southern Babylonia cities such as
Nippur,
Isin, and Eresh, and large portions of the
Diyala River.
He succeeded
Iltasadum on the throne, where he reigned 900 years, leading a successful campaign against
Elam and capturing Dumuzid the Fisherman in Uruk. There is some scant evidence to suggest that like the later Ur III kings, the rulers of Early Dynastic Kish sought to ingratiate themselves to the authorities in Nippur, possibly to legitimize a claim for leadership over the land of Sumer or at least part of it.
[Faryne "The Struggle for Hegemony in Early Dynastic II Sumer" The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies pp.65-66] The use of the royal title
King of Kish expressing a claim of national rulership owes its prestige to the fact that Kish once did rule the entire nation.
[Katz Gilgamesh and Akka p.30 n.83] Archaeological evidence from Kish shows a city flourishing in ED II with its political influence extending beyond the territory, however in ED III the city declined rapidly.
[Katz Gilgamesh and Akka p.16]
Elamite campaign
The
Sumerian King List recounts "En-me(n)-barage-si, the one who carried away as he spoiled the weapons of the land of
Elam, became king." A tradition of the Kishite expansion into the
Susa and
Iranian plateau is reflected in an inscription of an ED II king of Kish named Enna-il, which commemorates his military operations in Elam.
[Frayne, RIME 1, 75-76] The inscriptions of Enmebaragesi discovered at
Khafajah, and an unidentified king of Kish at
Tell Agrab, are convincing indicators of the Kišite presence in the Diyala Region.
[Steinkeller An archaic “prisoner plaque” from Kiš pp.131-157]
Invasion of Uruk and its ambiguity in interpretation
One version of the
Sumerian King List was previously interpreted as stating that King Dumuzid the Fisherman of Uruk captured Enmebaragesi, but a new translation exchanges Enmebaragesi as the one who captured Dumuzid.
[ THE BROCKMON COLLECTION DUPLICATE OF THE SUMERIAN KINGLIST (BT 14)
by Jacob Klein (Bar-Ilan University)]
| + Sumerian King List translations
! Reading !! Transliteration !! Translation |
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This clarifies the political and military struggle between Kish and Uruk, the short duration of Dumuzid's rule, and why Dumuzid had no hereditary successors. On this interpretation, after the general-king Lugalbanda in Uruk, Dumuzid the Fisherman from Kuara seized the throne. Enmebaragesi attacked Uruk, captured Dumuzid, subjugated the city, and made Gilgamesh his vassal-king.
Defeated by Gilgamesh theory
The later Ur III king
Shulgi addressed one of his praise poems (
Shulgi Hymn O) to Gilgamesh, that credits him with capturing and defeating Enmebaragesi of Kish instead of his son Aga as
Gilgamesh and Aga recounts. While in the historical scene of the Early Dynastic period this is quite conceivable, the assumption of two different wars is difficult to uphold because Gilgamesh emerges as victorious in both; his first victory would imply defeat and submission by the kingdom of Kish.
[Katz Gilgamesh and Akka p.14]
Since Gilgamesh addresses Aga denoting military relations between them in the past and indebtedness to him for saving his life leads to Gilgamesh being dependent on Aga previously, conflicting with the assumption that he won a previous war against Kish.
Another theory is since Enmebaragesi established the hegemony of Kish, defeating Aga would be less impressive than his powerful father, who therefore served the purpose of the hymn and portrays Gilgamesh as a mighty figure. Since Enmebaragesi was inserted to replace Aga, the hymn doesn't reflect a separate but rather one literary tradition from the tale.[Katz Gilgamesh and Akka p.15]
See also
Notes
- a.
- b.
- c.
Citations
Further reading
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Edzard, Dietz Otto, "Enmebaragesi von Kish", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 53, pp. 9-26, 1969
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Piotr Michałowski, "A Man Called Enmebaragesi", in W. Sallaberger, K. Volk and A. Zgoll (eds.), Literatur, Politik, und Recht in Mesopotamien, Orientalia Biblica et Christiana 14, Heidelberg, pp. 195–208, 2003
External links
