Dagbani (or Dagbane), also known as Dagbanli or Dagbanle, is a Gur languages spoken in Ghana and Northern Togo. Its native speakers are estimated around 1,170,000.
Dagbani is closely related to and mutually intelligible with Mampruli, Nabit language, Talni language, Kamara language, Kantosi language, and Hanga language, also spoken in Northern, North East, Upper East, and . It is also similar to the other members of the same subgroup spoken in other regions, including Dagaare language and Wali, spoken in Upper West Region of Ghana, along with Frafra language and Kusaal language, spoken in the Upper East Region of the country.
In Togo, Dagbani is spoken in the Savanes Region on the border with Ghana.
Dialects
Dagbani has a major
dialect split between Eastern Dagbani (Nayahali), centred on the traditional capital town of
Yendi (Naya), and Western Dagbani (Tomosili), centred on the administrative capital of the Northern Region, Tamale. The dialects are, however, mutually intelligible, and mainly consist of different
root vowels in some
lexemes, and different forms or pronunciations of some nouns, particularly those referring to local flora. The words
Dagbani and
Dagbanli given above for the name of the language are respectively the Eastern and Western dialect forms of the name, but the Dagbani Orthography Committee resolved that “It was decided that in the spelling system
is used to refer to the ... Language, and ... to the life and culture”;
Phonology
Vowels
Dagbani has eleven phonemic vowels – six short vowels and five long vowels:
Olawsky (1999) puts the schwa (ə) in place of , unlike other researchers on the language
Consonants
-
mainly occurs phonemically among other Western dialects.
-
debuccalizes as a glottal when in intervocalic position. debuccalizes as a glottal stop post-vocalic position.
-
Sounds are realized as when preceding front vowels.
-
can be heard as when in post-vocalic positions.
Tone
Dagbani is a tonal language in which pitch is used to distinguish words, as in gballi (high-high) 'grave' vs. gballi (high-low) 'zana mat'.[Olawsky 1997] The tone system of Dagbani is characterised by two level tones and downstep (a lowering effect occurring between sequences of the same phonemic tone).
Orthography
is written in a Latin script with the addition of the apostrophe, the letters ɛ, ɣ, ŋ, ɔ, and ʒ, and the digraphs ch, gb, kp, ŋm, sh and ny. The literacy rate used to be only 2–3%.
Grammar
Dagbani is agglutinative, but with some fusion of affixes. The constituent order in Dagbani sentences is usually agent–verb–object.
Lexicon
There is insight into a historical stage of the language in the papers of Rudolf Fisch, reflecting data collected during his missionary work in the German Togoland colony in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, especially the lexical list,
Noun class system
+
!Noun class |
| 1 | tIb-li | tIb-a | -li | -a | ear |
| 2 | paG-a | paG-ba | -a | -ba | woman |
| 3 | gab-ga | gab-si | -ga | -si | rope |
| 4 | wab-gu | wab-ri | -gu | -ri | elephant |
| 5 | kur-gu | kur-a | -gu | -a | old |
| 6 | ko-m/kom- | ko-ma/kom-a | -m/ | -ma/-a | water |
Pronouns
Each set of personal pronouns in Dagbani is distinguished regarding person, number and animacy. Besides the distinction between singular and plural, there is an additional distinction between +/- in the 3rd person. Moreover, Dagbani distinguishes between Emphatic pronoun and non-emphatic pronouns and there are no gender distinctions. While there is no morphological differentiation between grammatical cases, pronouns can occur in different forms according to whether they appear pre- or postverbally.
Non-emphatic pronouns
Preverbal
Preverbal pronouns serve as subjects of a verb and are all monosyllabic.| +
!Person
!SG
!PL |
| 1 | n | ti |
| 2 | a | yi |
| 3 +animate | o | bɛ |
| 3 -animate | di | di, ŋa |
Postverbal
Postverbal pronouns usually denote objects.| +
!Person
!SG
!PL |
| 1 | ma | ti |
| 2 | a | ya |
| 3 +animate | o | ba |
| 3 -animate | li | li, ŋa |
Given the fact that preverbal and postverbal pronouns do not denote two complementary sets, one could refer to them as unmarked or specifically marked for postverbal occurrence.| +
!Person
!SG
!
!
!PL
!
! |
| | Unmarked | | Marked | Unmarked | | Marked |
| 1 | n | | ma | | ti | |
| 2 | | a | | yi | | ya |
| 3 +animate | | o | | bɛ | | ba |
| 3 -animate | di | | li | di | (ŋa) | li |
Emphatic pronouns
Emphatic pronouns in Dagbani serve as regular pronouns in that they can stand in isolation, preverbally or postverbally.| +
!Person
!SG
!PL |
| 1 | mani | tinima |
| 2 | nyini | yinima |
| 3 +animate | ŋuni, ŋuna | bɛna, bana |
| 3 -animate | dini, dina | ŋana |
Reciprocal pronouns
Reciprocals are formed by the addition of the word taba after the verb.
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are formed by the suffix -maŋa, which is attached to the non-emphatic preverbal pronoun.
The affix maŋa can also occur as an emphatic pronoun after nouns.
Possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns in Dagbani exactly correspond to the preverbal non-emphatic pronouns, which always proceed the possessed constituent.
Relative pronouns
In Dagbani the relative pronouns are ŋʊn ("who") and ni ("which").
The relative pronouns in Dagbani are not obligatory present and can also be absent depending on the context, as the following example illustrates.
Relative pronouns in Dagbani can also be complex in its nature, such that they consist of two elements, an indefinite pronoun and an emphatic pronoun.
Interrogative pronouns
Source:
Interrogative pronouns in Dagbani make a distinction between human and non-human.
| +
!Dagbani
!English |
| bòn / bà | what |
| ŋùní | who |
| bòzùɤù | why |
| yà | where |
| díní | which |
| álá | how much |
| bòndàlì | when |
| sáhá díní | when |
| wùlà | how |
Additionally, interrogative pronouns inflect for number, but not all of them. Those inflecting for number belong to the semantic categories , , .| +
!Semantic Category
!SG
!PL
!Gloss |
| +PERSON | ŋùní | bànímà | who/whom |
| +SELECTION | dìní | dìnnímà | which |
| +THING | bò | bònímà | what |
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in Dagbani make a morphological difference between the singular and plural form. The demonstrative pronoun ŋɔ moves to the specifier of the functional NumP and if Num is plural, then the plural morphem -nímá attaches to the demonstrative pronoun. If Num is singular, there is a zero morphem, such that the demonstrative pronoun does not differ in its morphological form.| +
!Demonstrative Pronoun
!SG
!PL
!Gloss |
| Proximal | ŋɔ | ŋɔnímá | this/these |
| Distal | ŋɔ há | ŋɔnímá há | that/those |
Indefinite pronouns
Dagbani distinguishes not only between singular and plural for indefinite pronouns, but also between +/-animate. Therefore, there are two pairs of indefinite pronouns. Indefinites are basically used in the same way as adjectives, as their morphological form is similar to that of nouns and adjectives.| +
!
!SG
!PL
!Gloss |
| +animate | | | somebody |
|
| | something |
Syntax
Word order
Dagbani has a rigid SVO word order. In the canonical sentence structure, the verb precedes the direct and indirect object as well as adverbials. The clause structure exhibits varying functional elements projecting various functional phrasal categories including tense, aspect, negation, mood and the conjoint/disjoint paradigm.
Verb phrase
The VP in Dagbani consists of a preverbal particle encoding tense, aspect and mood, the main verb, and a postverbal particle which marks focus.
Preverbal particles
Major particles
+
!Tense, aspect, modal particles |
| today ( also once upon a time) | də |
| one day away | sa |
| two or more days away | daa |
| habitual | yi |
| still, not yet | na |
| actually | siri |
| once again, as usual | yaa |
| suddenly, just | dii |
| non-future negative | bə |
| future affix | nə |
| future negative | ku |
| imperative subjunctive negative | de |
| again | lah |
Main verb
Each verb in Dagbani has two forms, a perfective and an imperfective form with very few exceptions. In general, the perfective form is the unmarked form, whereas the imperfective form corresponds to the progressive form, or in other words it refers to an action, which is still in progress.
The inflectional system in Dagbani is relatively poor as compared to other languages. There is no grammatical agreement, since number and person are not marked. Tense is marked only under certain constraints. Basically, Dagbani makes a distinction between future and non-future, however the main distinction does not concern Tense, but Aspect and occurs between perfective and imperfective.
Postverbal particles
The postverbal particle la marks presentational focus, rather than contrastive focus.
Conjoint / disjoint markers
+
! |
| Imperfective | | |
| Perfective | | |
Questions
In Dagbani, the question word can either appear in situ or ex situ.
Ex situ
| +
!Dagbani
!Question words |
| Bɔ | what |
| Dini | which |
| Ya | where |
| Wula | how |
| ŋuni | who |
| ŋun | whose |
| Bɔ zuɤu | why |
The basic word order in Dagbani questions is SVO, such that the question word is fronted and followed by the focus marker ka. This is the unmarked form and accepted by many native speakers as "natural".
In situ
Yes-/No-question in Dagbani are formed by the disjunction bee ('or'), which either conjoints two propositions or which occurs sentence-finally to indicate that the sentence with SVO order is actually a question.
In addition to Yes-/No-questions, the question word can also occur in sentence-final position. This might correspond to .
Dagbani language scholars
External links
