Airbreathing catfish comprise the family Clariidae of the order Siluriformes. Sixteen genera and about 117 species of clariid are described; all are freshwater species.
Distribution
Although clariids occur in
India,
Syria, southern
Turkey, and large parts of
Southeast Asia, their diversity is the largest in
Africa.
Description
Clariid catfish are characterized by an elongated body, the presence of four barbels, long dorsal and anal fins, and especially by the
autapomorphy presence of a supra
Branchial arches organ, formed by tree-like structures from the second and fourth
gill arches.
This suprabranchial organ, or labyrinth organ, allows some species the capability of traveling short distances on land (
walking catfish).
The dorsal fin base is very long and is not preceded by a fin spine. The dorsal fin may or may not be continuous with the caudal fin, which is rounded. Pectoral and pelvic fins are variously absent in some species. Some fish have small eyes and reduced or absent pectoral and pelvic fins for a burrowing lifestyle. A few species are blind.
Within the family Clariidae, body forms range from fusiform (torpedo-like) to anguilliform (eel-like). As species become more eel-shaped, a whole set of morphological changes has been observed, such as decrease and loss of the adipose fin, continuous unpaired fins, reduction of paired fins, reduction of the eyes, reduction of the skull bones, and hypertrophied jaw muscles.
Taxonomy
The
Heteropneustidae containing the genus
Heteropneustes are considered by some to be a separate family and by others to be a subfamily. With the Heteropneustidae and Clariidae as separate families, a recent paper groups them into a superfamily called the Clarioidea. The relationships of clarioids to other families remains uncertain.
Relationship to humans
Many clariids form a large part of
fishery.
Clarias gariepinus is recognized as one of the most promising
aquaculture species in Africa.
The airbreathing capacity of these fish has allowed such fish as Clarias batrachus to be an invasive species in Florida.
See also
