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Viridiplantae
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Viridiplantae (; kingdom sensu stricto) is a of around 450,000–500,000 species of organisms, most of which obtain their energy by . The green plants are -bearing that play important primary production roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They include , which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (, sensu strictissimo), which emerged within freshwater green algae.

(2025). 9780123742636 .
Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a group, however it is accurate to think of land plants as a special clade of green algae that evolved to thrive on dry land. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.

Viridiplantae species all have cells with in their , and primary chloroplasts derived from with that contain and and lack . Corroborating this, a basal group has been found in the . In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom, under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply , the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom of to include the . Adl et al., who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not as understood traditionally. Together with , and other basal groups, Viridiplantae belong to a larger clade called which in itself is sometimes described as .

Evolution
Taxonomy
Leliaert et al, 2012 propose the following simplified taxonomy of the Viridiplantae.

Phylogeny
In 2019, a phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes from 1,153 plant species was proposed. The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae that have since been sequenced. Both the "chlorophyte algae" and the "streptophyte algae" are treated as paraphyletic (vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis. The classification of is supported both by Puttick et al. 2018, and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.

Ancestrally, the green algae were flagellates.

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