Diadectes (meaning crosswise-biter) is an extinct genus of large or [ Diadectes was one of the first herbivore , and also one of the first fully terrestrial vertebrates to attain large size.
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Description
Diadectes was a heavily built animal, up to long,[ Dig into new bones in Seymour - Newschannel 6 Now | Wichita Falls, TX]
High-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography has revealed an endosseous labyrinth in the opisthotic, prootic, and supraoccipital of D. absitus, along with a well-preserved vestibule, three semicircular canals, and a developed cochlear recess. The supraoccipital, which is positioned medially to the anterior semicircular canal, preserves a shallow and subarcuate fossa on its ventral surface. An otic tube leads from the fenestra vestibuli to the vestibule.
Paleobiology
It possesses some characteristics of reptilians and amphibians, combining a reptile-like skeleton with a more primitive, Seymouriamorpha-like skull. Diadectes has been classified as belonging to the sister group of the .
Among its primitive features, Diadectes has a large otic notch (a feature found in all Labyrinthodontia, but not in reptiles) with an ossified tympanum. At the same time, its teeth show advanced specialisations for an herbivorous diet that are not found in any other type of early Permian animal. The eight front teeth are spatulate and peg-like, and served as that were used to nip off mouthfuls of vegetation. The broad, blunt cheek teeth show extensive wear associated with occlusion, and would have functioned as molars, grinding up the food. It also had a partial secondary palate, which meant it could chew its food and breathe at the same time, something many even more advanced reptiles were unable to do.
These traits are likely adaptations related to the animals' high-fiber, herbivorous diet, and evolved independently of similar traits seen in some reptilian groups. Many of the reptile-like details of the postcranial skeleton are possibly related to carrying the substantial trunk; these may be independently derived traits on Diadectes and their relatives. Though very similar, they would be analogous rather than homologous to those of early amniotes such as pelycosauria and , as the first reptiles evolved from small, swamp-dwelling animals like Casineria and Westlothiana.[Carroll R.L. (1991): The origin of reptiles. In: Schultze H.-P., Trueb L., (ed) Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods — controversy and consensus. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp 331-353.][Michel Laurin (2004): The Evolution of Body Size, Cope's Rule and the Origin of Amniotes. Systematic Biology no 53 (4): pp 594-622. article] The phenomenon of unrelated animals evolving similarly is known as convergent evolution.[Mayr, Ernst, and Peter D. Ashlock (1991): Principles of systematic zoology. New York: McGraw-Hill]
Discovery
Diadectes was first named and described by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1878,
Classification and species
Numerous species have been assigned to Diadectes, though most of those have proven to be synonyms of one another. Similarly, many supposed separate genera of diadectids have been shown to be junior synonyms of Diadectes. One of these, Nothodon, was actually published by Othniel Charles Marsh five days before the name Diadectes was published by his rival Cope. Despite this fact, in 1912, Case synonymized the two names and treated Diadectes as the senior synonym, which has been followed by other paleontologists since, despite the fact that it violates the rules of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).[Kissel, R. (2010). "Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha)." Thesis (Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto).]
Phylogeny
A phylogenetic analysis of Diadectes and related diadectids was presented in an unpublished PhD thesis by Richard Kissel in 2010. Previous phylogenetic analyses of diadectids had found D. sanmiguelensis and D. absitus to be more basal than other species of Diadectes, outside the derived clade composed of these species. In these analyses, Diasparactus was more closely related to the other species of Diadectes than was D. sanmiguelensis and D. absitus, making Diadectes paraphyletic. Kissel recovered this paraphyly in his analysis and proposed the new genus name "Oradectes" for D. sanmiguelensis, and "Silvadectes" for D. absitus.
However, according to the ICZN, a name presented in an initially unpublished thesis such as Kissel's is not valid ( nomen ex dissertationae). Because the names "Oradectes" and "Silvadectes" have not yet been formally erected in a published paper, they were not, as of 2010, considered valid. A 2024 paper formally erected the genus Kuwavaatakdectes for D. sanmiguelensis. The same paper also named another Diadectes species, D. dreigleichenensis, which coexisted with D. absitus in the Tambach Formation of Germany.
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