Beta adrenergic agonists or beta agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, causing widening of the airways and resulting in easier breathing.
Function
Activation of β
1 receptors induces positive
inotropic,
chronotropic output of the cardiac muscle, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure, secretion of
ghrelin from the stomach, and
renin release from the kidneys.
Activation of β2 receptors induces smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, and various blood vessels. Increased heart rate and heart muscle contraction are associated with the β1 receptors; however, β2 cause vasodilation in the myocardium.
β3 receptors are mainly located in adipose tissue.
Medical uses
Indications of administration for β agonists include:
Side effects
Although minor compared to those of epinephrine, beta agonists usually have mild to moderate adverse effects, which include
anxiety,
hypertension, increased heart rate, and
insomnia. Other side effects include
and
essential tremor.
Hypoglycemia was also reported due to increased secretion of insulin in the body from activation of β
2 receptors.
In 2013, zilpaterol, a β agonist sold by Merck, was temporarily withdrawn due to signs of sickness in some cattle that were fed the drug.
Receptor selectivity
Most agonists of the beta receptors are selective for one or more beta-adrenoreceptors. For example, patients with low heart rate are given beta agonist treatments that are more "cardioselective" such as dobutamine, which increases the force of contraction of the heart muscle. Patients who are suffering from chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma or COPD may be treated with medication targeted to induce more smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs and less contraction of the heart, including first-generation drugs like salbutamol (albuterol) and later-generation medications in the same class.
β3 agonists are currently under clinical research and are thought to increase the breakdown of lipids in obese patients.
β1 agonists
β
1 agonists stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity and opening of calcium channel (cardiac stimulants; used to treat cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure,
bradyarrhythmias). Selected examples are:
β2 agonists
β
2 agonists stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity and closing of calcium channel (smooth muscle relaxants; used to treat asthma and COPD). Selected examples are:
β3 agonists
Undetermined/unsorted
These agents are also listed as agonists by MeSH.
See also
-
Alpha-adrenergic agonist
-
Use of beta-adrenergic agonists in livestock
External links
