Autohaemorrhaging

 ( Antipredator Adaptations ) 

Autohaemorrhaging, or reflex bleeding, is the action of animals deliberately ejecting blood from their bodies. Autohaemorrhaging has been observed as occurring in two variations. In the first form, blood is squirted toward a predator. The blood of these animals usually contains toxic compounds, making the behaviour an effective chemical defense mechanism. In the second form, blood is not squirted, but is slowly emitted from the animal's body. This form appears to serve a deterrent effect, and is used by animals whose blood does not seem to be toxic. Most animals that autohaemorrhage are insects, but some reptiles also display this behaviour.

Some organisms have shown an ability to tailor their autohaemorrhaging response. Armoured crickets will projectile autohaemorrhage over longer distances when attacked from the side, compared to being attacked from an overhead predator.

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Insects Several orders of insects have been observed to utilize this defence mechanism.

• Meloidae (blister beetles) – their haemolymph contains cantharidin that they sequester from plants on which they feed. One of the known species is Meloe americanus.
• Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) - larvae of Asbolus verrucosus have been observed to autohaemorrhage while they feign death.
• Chrysomelidae, incl. Timarcha species - their haemolymph contains .
• Coccinellidae (ladybird, ladybug or lady beetles) – An alkaloid toxin in the haemolymph is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, triggered by mechanical stimulation (such as predator attack). The Alkaloids: chemistry and physiology, Volume 31 By Arnold Brossi
• Hemiptera
• Cercopidae – including spittlebugs Prosapia bicincta and Prosapia ignipectus
• Lepidoptera
• Arctiinae adults, such as Arctia caja, which mixes haemolymph with glandular products (neurotoxic choline esters).V.H. Resh, R.T. Cardé (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. p. 168
• Orthoptera
• , such as Dictyophorus spumans, Phymateus viridipes and Phymateus leprosus – their haemolymph contains cardiac glycosides, sequestered from milkweed on which they feed.
• , including Eugaster species and Acanthoplus discoidalis
• Plecoptera
• Stonefly larvae

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Reptiles

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Lizards

• Horned lizard (Phrynosomatidae). At least six species of horned lizards are able to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of their eyes, up to 5 feet (1.5 m).

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Snakes

• West Indian wood snake ( Tropidophis). Thirteen species have been found to expel blood from the mouth and nostrils while also fully flooding both eyes with blood.
• European grass snake ( Natrix natrix), which secretes blood from the lining of the mouth while playing dead.
• Long-nosed snake ( Long-nosed snake), which exudes blood from the cloaca.
• Eastern hognose snake ( Heterodon platirhinos), which emits blood from the cloacal region.
• Plain-bellied water snake ( Nerodia erythrogaster), which releases blood from the mouth.
• Western hognose snake ( Heterodon nasicus), which releases blood from the mouth.

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Consequences of reflexive bleeding In some cases, the loss of blood can be substantial. Beetles may lose up to 13% of their net body weight as a consequence of expelling haemolymph.

Marc J. Klowden (2007). 9780124158191, Elsevier. ISBN 9780124158191

Autohaemorrhaging may result in dehydration. The ejection of blood puts organisms at risk of cannibalism from other members of their species.

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See also

• Autothysis
• Haemorrhage

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External links

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